Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) contraindications include all of the following except:

The intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) is a device used to support patients with severe cardiac conditions, particularly during periods of cardiogenic shock or significant myocardial ischemia. One of the primary functions of the IABP is to improve coronary perfusion by increasing diastolic blood pressure and decreasing afterload during systole, thereby enhancing cardiac output.

Refractory myocardial ischemia is one of the indications for using an IABP, not a contraindication. This condition occurs when the heart muscle is not receiving enough blood supply, leading to significant chest pain and potential heart damage. In patients experiencing refractory myocardial ischemia, the IABP can be a beneficial intervention, as it helps improve the heart’s oxygen supply and may mitigate ischemic damage.

In contrast, acute aortic regurgitation and acute mitral regurgitation are contraindications due to the potential for increased volume overload and worsened heart function. The IABP can further complicate these situations by disrupting the hemodynamic balance necessary to maintain adequate cardiac output.

Cardiogenic shock, although a critical condition, is not a contraindication for IABP therapy; in fact, the pump is often indicated in such cases to support cardiac function during acute heart